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Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil ((アヴァル語:Шейх Шамил); (トルコ語:Şeyh Şamil); (ロシア語:Имам Шамиль); (アラビア語:الشيخ شامل)) (pronounced "Shameel") also spelled Shamyl, Schamil, Schamyl or Shameel (26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was an Avar political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russian resistance in the Caucasian War and was the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1834–1859).〔(The Great Shamil, Imam of Daghestan and Chechnya, Shaykh of Naqshbandi tariqah )〕
==Family and early life==
Imam Shamil was born in 1797, in the small village (aul) of Gimry, which is in current-day Dagestan, Russia. He was originally named Ali, but following local tradition, his name was changed when he became ill. His father, Dengau, was a free landlord, and this position allowed Shamil and his close friend Ghazi Mollah to study many subjects including Arabic and logic. Shamil established himself as a well-respected and educated man of Quran and Sunnah among other Muslims of the Caucasus.
Shamil was born at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding into the territories of the Ottoman Empire and Persia (see Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)). Following the Russian invasion, many Caucasian nations united in resistance to harsh Tsarist rule in what became known as the Caucasian War. Some of the earlier leaders of Caucasian resistance were Sheikh Mansur and Ghazi Mollah. Shamil was actually childhood friends with the Mollah, and would become his disciple and counsellor.
Shamil's favorite wife, Anna Ulykhanova, was an ethnic Armenian Christian from Mozdok who had been abducted as a teenager by Muslim rebels in the early 1840s.〔Thomas M. Barrett, ''At the Edge of Empire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700–1860'' (Westview Press, 1999), 193.〕〔Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerinini, eds., ''Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917'' (Indiana University Press, 1997), 92.〕 During her captivity, she converted to Islam and adopted the name "Shuanet," remaining loyal to Shamil even after his capture and exile to Russia.〔 After Shamil's death in 1871, she moved to the Ottoman Empire where she was assigned a pension from the sultan.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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